Rates of Reaction

Experiment 1:
Investigating the effect of temperature on reaction rate

Aim:
I want to investigate how temperature effects the reaction rate.

Equipment

• Conical Flask
• Beaker
• Measuring Cylinder
• Stopwatch
• Waterbath
• Paper with a black cross "X"
• Thermometer
• 0.1mol/L Sodium Thiosulfate
• 2.0mol/L Hydrochloric Acid

Method:

1. Put the piece of paper with the X on the bench and put the conical flask on it
2. Measure 50mL of Sodium Thiosulfate and put it into a beaker.
3. Record the temperature of the Sodium Thiosulfate.
4. Measure 5mL of HCl and put it into the conical flask.
5. Pour the Sodium Thiosulfate into the conical flask, start the timer and swirl the flask.
6. Stop timing when the you can't see the cross on the paper
7. Wash out the flask thoroughly.
8. Repeat the experiment with the Sodium Thiosulfate at 30°C .
9. Repeat the experiment with the Sodium Thiosulfate at 40°C .
10. Repeat the experiment with the Sodium Thiosulfate at 50°C

Results:

17°C  took 33sec for the X to disappear.
32°C  took 21sec for the X to disappear.
43°C  took 7sec for the X to disappear.
57°C  took 2sec for the X to disappear.

Analysis:

Conclusion:

Collision theory is for a reaction to occur two or more particles must collide with sufficient force and the correct orientation. By increasing the temperature of the particles it makes them move faster, increasing the chance of them colliding quicker.

Experiment 2:

Investigating the effect of concentration on reaction rate

Aim:
I want to investigate how concentration effects the reaction rate.

Equipment

• Conical Flask
• Beaker
• Measuring Cylinder
• Stopwatch
• Waterbath
• Paper with a black cross "X"
• Thermometer
• 0.1mol/L Sodium Thiosulfate
• 2.0mol/L Hydrochloric Acid

Method:

1. Put the piece of paper with the X on the bench and put the conical flask on it
2. Measure 10mL of Sodium Thiosulfate and put it into the conical flask
3. Measure 40mL of Water and put it into the conical flask. Swirl to mix.
4. Measure 5mL of HCl.
5. Pour the HCl into the conical flask, start the timer and swirl the flask.
6. Stop timing when the you can't see the cross on the paper.
7. Wash out the flask thoroughly.
8. Repeat experiment 20mL of Sodium Thiosulfate and 30mL of Water.
9. Repeat experiment 30mL of Sodium Thiosulfate and 20mL of Water.
10. Repeat experiment 40mL of Sodium Thiosulfate and 10mL of Water.
11. Repeat experiment 50mL of Sodium Thiosulfate and no Water

Results:

10mL Thiosulfate/40mL Water took 239sec for the X to disappear.
20mL Thiosulfate/30mL Water took 119sec for the X to disappear.
30mL Thiosulfate/20mL Water took 64sec for the X to disappear.
40mL Thiosulfate/10mL Water took 45sec for the X to disappear.
50mL Thiosulfate/0mL Water took 32sec for the X to disappear.

Analysis:

Conclusion:

Collision theory is for a reaction to occur two or more particles must collide with sufficient force and the correct orientation. By increasing the concentration it means there are more particles and their closer together so they have a better chance at colliding.

Experiment 3:
Investigating the effect of surface area on reaction rate

Aim:
I want to investigate how changing the surface area effects the reaction rate.

Equipment

• Boiling Tube
• Calcium Carbonate (Marble) Chips
• Calcium Carbonate Powder
• 1.0mol/L Hydrochloric Acid
• Measuring cylinder
• Spatula
• Test tube tongs

Method:

1. Measure 2mL of Hydrochloric Acid and pour it into a boiling tube.
2. Using the tongs to hold the boiling tube tube the sink, add a pea-sized amount of Calcium Carbonate powder.
3. Repeat experiment instead using the same amount of marble chips rather than the powder. 

Results:

When I added the powder, there was vigorous fizzing.
When I repeated the experiment with the chips, it bubbled

Conclusion:

Collision theory is for a reaction to occur two or more particles must collide with sufficient force and the correct orientation. If a reactant is broken into little pieces, it has a bigger surface area making the particles more exposed meaning more of them can collide.

Experiment 4:
Investigating the effect of a catalyst on the reaction rate 

Aim:
I want to investigate how adding a catalyst will effect the reaction rate.

Equipment

• 3x test tubes
• Zinc metal granules
• Copper metal powder
• 1.0mol/L Hydrochloric Acid
• Measuring cylinder
• Spatula

Method:

1. Put a piece of zinc into test tube 1 and test tube 3.
2. Put a small amount of copper powder to test tube 2 and test tube 3.
3. Add 5mL of acid to each test tube.

Conclusion: 

A catalyst a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change. 

Reading Log 2 - What Was The Fate Of The Five Sodder Children?

Title: What Was The Fate Of The Five Sodder Children?

Text type: Article

Author: Unknown

"What Was The Fate Of The Five Sodder Children?" is an article about what happened to George and Jennie Sodders children on Christmas Eve of 1945. They were celebrating Christmas at home with nine of their ten children, as it began to get dark George and Jennie decided to go to bed along with four of the nine children. George and Jennie told the rest of the five children that they could stay up and play with their presents as long as they went to bed soon. Jennie woke up at a little past midnight because the phone rang. When the woman asked to speak to someone Jennie didn’t know, Jennie told her she had the wrong number. The woman laughed and hung up. At this time Jennie noticed that the lights where still on and the door was unlocked. She thought with all the excitement of Christmas the children just forgot to lock the door and turn the lights off, so she went back to bed. Jennie woke up to a thump on the roof around 1.30 am and realised the house was on fire. Jennie, George and four of the nine children made it out, but a series of odd occurrences stopped them from being able to save the children that were left in the house. When the fire department showed up the house was already burnt to the ground and the children were confirmed dead. The fire department said the fire was caused by faulty wiring but the Sodders refused to believe this because they had just had an electrician come over and check it. Jennie and George believed that their children did not die in the fire and they were in fact kidnapped.

In my opinion i dont think that it is that far fetched that the children were kidnapped becasue aparently George had unfinished business with the malfia, which was quite common at this time. I think a piece of evidence to support this theory is the odd amount of time it took for the authorities to arrive.One of the oldest children that made it out said "I had run to a neighbour's house to call the fire department.  At first the operator could not be reached to place the call and when finally they did reach the operator each of the town’s firemen had to be called, woken up, and dispatched to the scene.  The fire station was less than three miles from the Sodder home, but the firemen didn’t get there until 8 AM. and it was far to late because the house burned to the ground in less than 45 minutes of the fire starting". I think that it is very strange that it took the fire department about seven hours to arrive at the scene. After all it was a really big emergency.

I also think that when Jennie woke up in the night to answer the phone and saw that the lights were on and the door was unlocked the children had already been taken. I think the women on the phone was involved and rang to see if any one was suspicious or had caught on yet. I also think its a little weird that after Jennie saw the door was unlocked and the lights were on, she didn't go and check on the children. I know if i had kids and that was me id go and check if they were in bed or okay. A piece of evidence backing up the fact that the children didn't die in the fire is in the morning police did a two hour investigation and their were no remains found. The Sodders didn't believe that it was possible for the bodies to be completely cremated without a trace so Jennie did some investigating of her own "Jennie did her own research using chicken bones in the stove and could never get them completely destroyed be the fire.  Her and George’s belief was strengthened more when another local home was burned to the ground and seven skeletons were found in the debris".

There are also other things that further support my opinion and the Sodders theory. There were witnesses that claimed to have seen the missing children after the fire "A woman at a tourist stop 50 miles west of the Sodder home says she saw the kids the morning after the fire and served them breakfast.  They left in a vehicle with Florida license plates". The Sodders also received a document in the mail years later with a supposed photo of one of there sons that died in the fire claiming to be the boy as an adult with some sort of code on the back. The Sodders took this as a sign that there little boy was alive and believed this was in fact a photo of him as an adult but they never could decode the message or find out who sent it 

The case of the Sodder children is like many others one of the biggest mysteries in the world that is still yet to be solved. I don't think we will ever really find out whether the children passed away or were kidnapped. The youngest girl that was in the fire and made it out is still alive and she is still to this day trying to find out what happened to her siblings. I cant even imagine how horrible it would be not only to loose multiple people you love but to have so many unanswered questions.

Creepy Aspects of Victorian Life - Jack the Ripper

Jack the Ripper was the name given to a serial killer who struck in Whitechapel, London 1888. It is still unknown how many people he killed but people think at least five. The identity of the killer is still a mystery but many people have there own theory's and suspects as to who it is. Jack the Ripper is undoubtedly one of the most well know murder cases of all time.